1: Orme-Johnson DW, Schneider RH, Son YD, Nidich S, Cho ZH.
Neuroimaging of meditation's effect on brain reactivity to pain.
Neuroreport. 2006 Aug 21;17(12):1359-63.
PMID: 16951585 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2: Kakigi R, Nakata H, Inui K, Hiroe N, Nagata O, Honda M, Tanaka S, Sadato N, Kawakami M.
Intracerebral pain processing in a Yoga Master who claims not to feel pain
during meditation.
Eur J Pain. 2005 Oct;9(5):581-9. Epub 2005 Jan 20.
PMID: 16139187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3: Mehling WE, Hamel KA, Acree M, Byl N, Hecht FM.
Randomized, controlled trial of breath therapy for patients with chronic
low-back pain.
Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Jul-Aug;11(4):44-52.
PMID: 16053121 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4: Carson JW, Keefe FJ, Lynch TR, Carson KM, Goli V, Fras AM, Thorp SR.
Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain: results from a pilot
trial.
J Holist Nurs. 2005 Sep;23(3):287-304.
PMID: 16049118 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5: Dillard JN, Knapp S.
Complementary and alternative pain therapy in the emergency department.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005 May;23(2):529-49. Review.
PMID: 15829396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6: [No authors listed]
The best way to treat fibromyalgia. It may require more than one strategy, but
you can get some pain relief and feel a lot better about life.
Harv Womens Health Watch. 2004 Jan;11(5):4-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 14734268 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7: Astin JA.
Mind-body therapies for the management of pain.
Clin J Pain. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1):27-32. Review.
PMID: 14668653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8: Creamer P, Singh BB, Hochberg MC, Berman BM.
Sustained improvement produced by nonpharmacologic intervention in
fibromyalgia: results of a pilot study.
Arthritis Care Res. 2000 Aug;13(4):198-204.
PMID: 14635274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9: Astin JA, Berman BM, Bausell B, Lee WL, Hochberg M, Forys KL.
The efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus Qigong movement therapy in the
treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.
J Rheumatol. 2003 Oct;30(10):2257-62.
PMID: 14528526 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10: Sun TF, Kuo CC, Chiu NM.
Mindfulness meditation in the control of severe headache.
Chang Gung Med J. 2002 Aug;25(8):538-41.
PMID: 12392366 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11: Yocum DE, Castro WL, Cornett M.
Exercise, education, and behavioral modification as alternative therapy for
pain and stress in rheumatic disease.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000 Feb;26(1):145-59, x-xi. Review.
PMID: 10680202 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12: Singh BB, Berman BM, Hadhazy VA, Creamer P.
A pilot study of cognitive behavioral therapy in fibromyalgia.
Altern Ther Health Med. 1998 Mar;4(2):67-70.
PMID: 9682514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13: Kaplan KH, Goldenberg DL, Galvin-Nadeau M.
The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromyalgia.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;15(5):284-9.
PMID: 8307341 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14: Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990)
Full Catastrophe Living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, Dell Publishing

15: Kabat-Zinn, J. (1999)
Presentation to Consortium on Integrative Medicine, July 30-August 1

16: Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., Burney, R., and Sellers, W. (1986)
Four-year follow-up of a meditation-based stress reduction program for the self-regulation of chronic pain: treatment outcomes and compliance. Clinical Journal of Pain, 2, 159-173

17: Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A.O., Kristeller, J., et al. (1992)
Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943

18: Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., et al. (1998)
Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 625-32

19: Ma, S.H., & Teasdale, J.D. (2002)
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Replication and Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects. Submitted for publication.

20: Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G. and Teasdale, J.D.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, Guilford Press

21: Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G., et al. (2000)
Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623

22: Judith Soulsby
Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice, Institute of Medical and Social Care Research, University of Wales, Bangor.

22: Russell AL, McCarty MF.
DL-phenylalanine markedly potentiates opiate analgesia - an example of
nutrient/pharmaceutical up-regulation of the endogenous analgesia system.
Med Hypotheses. 2000 Oct;55(4):283-8. Review.
PMID: 10998643 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

23: Dove B, Morgenstern E, Gores E.
[The analgesic action of d-phenylalanine in combination with morphine or
methadone]
Pharmazie. 1991 Dec;46(12):875-7. German.
PMID: 1818326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

24: Kaliuzhnyi LV, Kozlov AIu.
[Action of an enkephalinase blocker on the effect of acupuncture in acupuncture
sensitive and resistant rabbits]
Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1991 Dec;112(12):571-3. Russian.
PMID: 1777610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

25: Sato T, Takeshige C, Shimizu S.
Morphine analgesia mediated by activation of the
acupuncture-analgesia-producing system.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1991;16(1-2):13-26.
PMID: 1674831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

26: Panocka I, Sadowski B.
Potentiation of swim analgesia by D-amino acids in mice is genotype dependent.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Dec;37(4):593-6.
PMID: 2093164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

27: Ninomiya Y, Kawamura H, Nomura T, Uebayashi H, Sabashi K, Funakoshi M.
Analgesic effects of D-amino acids in four inbred strains of mice.
Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1990;97(2):341-3.
PMID: 1982875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

28: Kitade T, Odahara Y, Shinohara S, Ikeuchi T, Sakai T, Morikawa K, Minamikawa M, Toyota S, Kawachi A, Hyodo M, et al.
Studies on the enhanced effect of acupuncture analgesia and acupuncture
anesthesia by D-phenylalanine (2nd report)--schedule of administration and
clinical effects in low back pain and tooth extraction.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1990;15(2):121-35.
PMID: 1978503 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

29: Kitade T, Odahara Y, Shinohara S, Ikeuchi T, Sakai T, Morikawa K, Minamikawa M, Toyota S, Kawachi A, Hyodo M, et al.
Studies on the enhanced effect of acupuncture analgesia and acupuncture
anesthesia by D-phenylalanine (first report)--effect on pain threshold and
inhibition by naloxone.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1988;13(2-3):87-97.
PMID: 2904213 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

30: Iarosh AK, Goruk PS, Luk'ianov EA.
[Comparative characteristics of the functioning of brain structures exposed to
morphine and D-phenylalanine]
Farmakol Toksikol. 1987 Mar-Apr;50(2):20-3. Russian.
PMID: 3582628 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

31: Nurmikko T, Pertovaara A, Pontinen PJ.
Attenuation of tourniquet-induced pain in man by D-phenylalanine, a putative
inhibitor of enkephalin degradation.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1987;12(3-4):185-91.
PMID: 2895566 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

32: Xuan YT, Shi YS, Zhou ZF, Han JS.
Studies on the mesolimbic loop of antinociception--II. A serotonin-enkephalin
interaction in the nucleus accumbens.
Neuroscience. 1986 Oct;19(2):403-9.
PMID: 3022186 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

33: Vogt WE, Hackebile K, Landmann H.
[Analgesic effect of D-phenylalanine]
Farmakol Toksikol. 1986 Sep-Oct;49(5):53. Russian. No abstract available.
PMID: 3533618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34: Walsh NE, Ramamurthy S, Schoenfeld L, Hoffman J.
Analgesic effectiveness of D-phenylalanine in chronic pain patients.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986 Jul;67(7):436-9.
PMID: 3524509 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

35: Halpern LM, Dong WK.
D-phenylalanine: a putative enkephalinase inhibitor studied in a primate acute
pain model.
Pain. 1986 Feb;24(2):223-37.
PMID: 3515291 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

36: Marcello F, Grazia SM, Sergio M, Federigo S.
Pharmacological "enkephalinase" inhibition in man.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;198 Pt B:153-60.
PMID: 3028074 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

37: Ehrenpreis S.
Analgesic properties of enkephalinase inhibitors: animal and human studies.
Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;192:363-70.
PMID: 2934746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

38: Ehrenpreis S.
Pharmacology of enkephalinase inhibitors: animal and human studies.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1985;10(3):203-8.
PMID: 2866674 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

39: Takeshige C.
Differentiation between acupuncture and non-acupuncture points by association
with analgesia inhibitory system.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1985;10(3):195-202.
PMID: 2866673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

40: Zhao ZQ, Foong FW, Duggan AW.
Lack of interaction between methionine enkephalin and D-phenylalanine on
nociceptive and non-nociceptive responses of dorsal horn neurones of the cat.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1984 Sep 17;104(3-4):205-10.
PMID: 6094212 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

41: Bodnar RJ, Butler PD.
Modulation of deprivation-induced food intake by D-phenylalanine.
Int J Neurosci. 1983 Sep;20(3-4):295-30.
PMID: 6321375 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

42: Ehrenpreis S.
D-phenylalanine and other enkephalinase inhibitors as pharmacological agents:
implications for some important therapeutic application.
Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse. 1982;3(4):231-9. No abstract available.
PMID: 6301083 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

43: Ehrenpreis S.
D-phenylalanine and other enkephalinase inhibitors as pharmacological agents:
implications for some important therapeutic application.
Acupunct Electrother Res. 1982;7(2-3):157-72.
PMID: 6128872 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44: Sicuteri F.
Enkephalinase inhibition relieves pain syndromes of central dysnociception
(migraine and related headache).
Cephalalgia. 1981 Dec;1(4):229-32.
PMID: 6181894 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

45: Donzelle G, Bernard L, Deumier R, Lacome M, Barre M, Lanier M, Mourtada MB.
[Curing trial of complicated oncologic pain by D-phenylalanine (author's
transl)]
Anesth Analg (Paris). 1981;38(11-12):655-8. French.
PMID: 7114516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

46: Bodnar RJ, Lattner M, Wallace MM.
Antagonism of stress-induced analgesia by D-phenylalanine, an
anti-enkephalinase.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1980 Dec;13(6):829-33.
PMID: 7208549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

47: Cheng RS, Pomeranz B.
A combined treatment with D-amino acids and electroacupuncture produces a
greater analgesia than either treatment alone; naloxone reverses these effects.
Pain. 1980 Apr;8(2):231-6.
PMID: 7402686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

48: Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD.
Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor
5-hydroxytryptophan.
Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar;109(3):325-38. Epub 2005 Jul 14. Review.
PMID: 16023217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

49: Birdsall TC.
5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor.
Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-80. Review.
PMID: 9727088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

50: Turner EH, Blackwell AD.
5-Hydroxytryptophan plus SSRIs for interferon-induced depression: synergistic
mechanisms for normalizing synaptic serotonin.
Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(1):138-44.
PMID: 15893130 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

51: van Praag HM.
Central monoamine metabolism in depressions. I. Serotonin and related
compounds.
Compr Psychiatry. 1980 Jan-Feb;21(1):30-43. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 6153593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

52: Meyers S.
Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression.
Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):64-71. Review.
PMID: 10696120 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

53: van Praag HM.
Serotonin precursors in the treatment of depression.
Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1982;34:259-86. Review.
PMID: 6753514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

54: Juhl JH.
Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway.
Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):367-75. Review.
PMID: 9802912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

55: Das YT, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Preuss HG.
Safety of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.
Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr 15;150(1):111-22. Review.
PMID: 15068828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

56: De Benedittis G, Massei R.
Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-over
study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. placebo.
J Neurosurg Sci. 1985 Jul-Sep;29(3):239-48.
PMID: 3913752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

57: Lynn-Bullock CP, Welshhans K, Pallas SL, Katz PS.
The effect of oral 5-HTP administration on 5-HTP and 5-HT immunoreactivity in
monoaminergic brain regions of rats.
J Chem Neuroanat. 2004 May;27(2):129-38.
PMID: 15121217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

58: Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, Grosser BI.
5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse
effects.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Jun;7(3):127-37. Review.
PMID: 3298325 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

59: J Clin Rheumatol. 2001 Apr;7(2):72-8.
The treatment of fibromyalgia with cranial electrotherapy stimulation.Lichtbroun AS, Raicer MM, Smith RB.
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, East Brunswick, NJ (ASL); Real World Health, Wall, NJ (M-MCR); Electromedical Products International, Mineral Wells, TX (RBS).

In cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), microcurrent levels of electrical stimulation are passed across the head via electrodes clipped to the ear lobes. After successful clinical use of CES with fibromyalgia patients in our clinic, it was decided to test these results with a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 60 randomly assigned patients were given 3 weeks of 1-hour-daily CES treatments, sham CES treatments, or were held as wait-in-line controls for any placebo effect in the sham-treated patients. Treated patients showed a 28% improvement in tender point scores, and a 27% improvement in self-rated scores of general pain level. The number of subjects rating their quality of sleep as poor dropped from 60% at the beginning of the study to 5%. In addition, there were significant gains in the self-rated feelings of well-being and quality of life, plus gains in six stress-related psychological test measures. No placebo effect was found among the sham-treated controls. A theoretical role of CES in affecting the brain's pain message mechanisms and/or neurohormonal control systems is discussed. It is concluded that CES is as effective as the drug therapies in several trials, with no negative side effects, and deserves further consideration as an additional agent for the treatment of fibromyalgia.

PMID: 17039098 [PubMed - in process]

60: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006 Jul-Aug;43(4):461-74.
Using cranial electrotherapy stimulation to treat pain associated with spinal cord injury.Tan G, Rintala DH, Thornby JI, Yang J, Wade W, Vasilev C.
Pain Section, Anesthesiology (145), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. tan.gabriel@med.va.gov.

Treatments for chronic pain in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) have been less than effective. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), a noninvasive technique that delivers a microcurrent to the brain via ear clip electrodes, has been shown to effectively treat several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The present study examined the effects of daily 1-hour active CES or sham CES treatment (randomly assigned) for 21 days on pain intensity and interference with activities in 38 males with SCI. The active CES group (n = 18) reported significantly decreased daily pain intensity compared with the sham CES group (n = 20) (mean change: active CES = -0.73, sham CES = -0.08; p = 0.03). Additionally, the active CES group reported significantly decreased pain interference (-14.6 pre- vs postintervention, p = 0.004) in contrast to the nonsignificant decrease in the sham CES group (-4.7 pre- vs postintervention, p = 0.24). These results suggest that CES can effectively treat chronic pain in persons with SCI.

PMID: 17123186 [PubMed - in process]

61: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1986 Mar-Apr;10(2):158-60.
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a treatment for anxiety in chemically dependent persons.Schmitt R, Capo T, Boyd E.
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to be an effective treatment for anxiety, a major presenting symptom among chemically dependent patients. In this study, 40 inpatient alcohol and/or polydrug users were given CES or sham CES in a double blind design. An additional 20 patients served as normal hospital routine controls. Dependent measures of anxiety were the Profile of Mood States, the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and the State/Trait Anxiety Index. CES-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement on all anxiety measures than did either control group. There were no differences in response between older and younger patients, or between the primarily drug or alcohol abusers. No placebo effect was found on any of our measures. It is concluded tht CES is a clinically significant addition to the treatment regimen for this patient population.

PMID: 3521373 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

62 : NeuroRehabilitation. 2000;14(2):85-94.
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of chronic pain: A review.Kirsch DL, Smith RB.
Chairman.

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) has a growing history of applications in rehabilitation medicine in the United States dating back to early 1970. As a recognized non-drug treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia, CES gained its first major application in the field of addiction treatment and rehabilitation. By the mid 1980s research was showing additional important uses of CES in the treatment of closed head injured patients, and in paraplegic and quadriplegic patients. The most recent research is showing CES to be highly effective in the management of chronic pain patients. It may be elevating the pain threshold due to its stress reducing effects when anxiety and depression are reduced below clinical levels. Modern theorists of a pain neuromatrix in the cerebral cortex may provide an additional basis for understanding CES mechanisms in the control of pain related disorders.

PMID: 11455071 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

63: Pain Physician. 2002 Jan;5(1):57-82.
Understanding psychological aspects of chronic pain in interventional pain management.
• Manchikanti L,
• Fellows B,
• Singh V.

Medical Director, Pain Management Center of Paducah, 2831 Lone Oak Road, Paducah, KY 42003.
There is no doubt that chronic pain is recognized as a biopsychosocial phenomenon in which biological, psychological, and social factors dynamically interact with each other. Thus, the role of psychological factors and understanding chronic, persistent disabling pain has been well recognized, but poorly understood. Approximately1/2 to 2/3 of all patients diagnosed with chronic pain manifest to various levels of psychological distress. Chronic pain and psychological disorders are the two most common elements in the United States. Statistics show that, approximately 22% of Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. In addition, 28% of the American population suffers with chronic pain. Depression in chronic pain is the most common condition, followed by generalized anxiety disorder, somatization disorder, and drug dependence. However, psychogenic pain appears to be the least prevalent of all psychopathological issues. Chronic pain disability is a complex psychosocial economic phenomenon. There is no data in the literature with regards to treatment of personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and somatization disorders in managing chronic pain. In contrast, treatment of depression and the influence of treatment on outcomes have been studied to some extent. In conclusion, patients with chronic pain frequently have psychopathology - most often common depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, somatization disorders, drug dependence and occasionally personality disorders. This review discusses various issues involved with psychopathology in chronic pain including epidemiology; relationship of psychopathology to pain; influence of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, somatization, and personality disorders on chronic pain, along with diagnosis and management in interventional pain management.
PMID: 16896359 [PubMed - in process]

64: Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 1989;99(6):653-7.
[Analgesia by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)][Article in German]
Wilder-Smith P, Zimmermann M.
Although safe and effective pain control has been achieved using TENS in many fields of medicine, the application of this technique to dentistry remains almost unexplored. In this study the effectiveness of TENS in alleviating pre-existing orofacial pain, in providing analgesia during primary dental treatment of these patients and as an alternative to conventional local anaesthesia during cavity preparation in regular patients was examined. In approximately 80% of patients TENS successfully alleviated pre-existing orofacial pain. Primary dental treatment of these patients, however, was only possible under conventional local anaesthesia. Pain induced by cavity preparation was adequately suppressed by TENS in approximately 80% of all cases.

PMID: 2788919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

65: Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Nov;112(11):2075-83.
Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation.Schroeder MJ, Barr RE.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. emailmjs@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE: Normal individuals were used to quantitate electroencephalographic (EEG) changes during concurrent administration of 0.5 and 100 Hz cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES). METHODS: Twelve normal, right-handed males were used in a randomized, double-blind crossover design study. A 3 amplifier system incorporating noise-cancellation was used to collect one channel of EEG (O1-Cz configuration) for 30 min. Either 0.5, 100 Hz, or sham CES treatment was administered for 20 min of each session. Statistical analyses were applied to time- and frequency-domain EEG variables. RESULTS: Relative to sham control, 0.5 and 100 Hz CES caused the alpha band mean frequency to shift downward. Additionally, 100 Hz CES also caused a decrease of the alpha band median frequency and beta band power fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Both 0.5 and 100 Hz CES provide frequency distribution shifts that suggest beneficial changes in mental state. However, compared to 0.5 Hz CES, 100 Hz CES effected a greater overall change. It is suggested that similar tests be performed on individuals with various behavioral and neurological disorders to determine if comparable EEG changes can be realized and correlated with beneficial effects of CES therapy.

PMID: 11682346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

66: S.H. Rosenthal and N.L. Wulfsohn
Electrosleep: a preliminary communication, J Nervous and Mental Disease 151 (1970), 146-151.

67: A.S. Wilson, D. Reigel, G.F. Unger, S.J. Larson and S. Sances, Jr.
Gastric secretion before and after electrotheerapeutic sleep in executive monkeys, in: Electrotherapeutic sleep and electroanesthesia, Vol. II, F.M. Wageneder and St Schuy, eds., Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1970, pp. 198-206.

67: R.S. Pozos, L.E. Strack, R.K. White and A.W. Richardson
Electrosleep versus electroconvulsive therapy in: Neuroelec-tric research, D.V. Reynolds and A.E. Sjoberg, eds., Charles Thomas: Springfield, IL, 1971, pp. 221-225

68: R.B. Smith
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation, in: Neural stimulation, Vol. II, J.B. Myklebust, J.F. Cusick, A Sances, Jr. and S.J. Larson, eds., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1985, pp. 129-150.

69: D.L. Kirsch
The science behind cranial electrotherapy stimulation, Medical Scope Publishing:Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1999.

70: R.B. Smith, L. O’Neill
Electrosleep in the management of alcoholism, Biological Psychiatry 10 (1975), 675-680.
71: J.J. Ryan and G.T. Souheaver
The role of sleep in electrosleep therapy for anxiety, Diseases of the Nervous System 38 (1977), 515-517.

72: E. Gomez and A.R. Mikhail
Treatment of methadone withdrawal with cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep), British Journal of Psychiatry 134 (1978), 111-113.

73: R. Schmitt, T. Capo, H. Frazier and D. Boren
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation treatment of cognitive brain dysfunction in chemical dependence, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45 (1984), 60-63.

74: R. Schmitt, T. Capo and E. Boyd
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a treatment for anxiety in chemically dependent persons, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 10 (1986), 158-160.

75: G.W. Wharton, C.E. McCoy and J. Cofer
Effect of CES therapy on spinal cord injured patients, presented at the American Spinal Injury Association, New York, April, 1982.

76: A. Childs and M.L. Crismon
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in post-traumatic amnesia: a report of two cases, Brain Injury 2 (1988), 243-247.

77: R.B. Smith, A. Tiberi and J. Marshall
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of closed head injured patients, Brain Injury 8 (1994), 357-361.

78: Neurotherapy Newsletter, Vol. 4, R. Gilmer, ed., Neurosys-tems, Inc., Garland, Texas, 1978.

79: S. Forster, B.S. Post and J.G. Benton
Preliminary observations on electrosleep, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 44 (1963), 481-489.

80: F. Magora, A. Beller, L. Aladjemoff, A. Magora and J. Tannenbaum Observations on electrically induced sleep in man, British Journal of Anesthesiology 37 (1965), 480-491.

81: R.B. Smith, A.E. Burgess, V.J. Guinee and L.C. Reifsnider
A curvilinear relationship between alcohol withdrawal tremor and personality, Journal of Clinical Psychology 35 (1979), 199-203.

82: J.W. Malden and L.I. Charash
Transcranial stimulation for the inhibition of primitive reflexes in children with cerebral palsy, Neurology Report 9 (1985), 33-38.

83: R. Okoye and J.W. Malden
Use of neurotransmitter modulation to facilitate sensory integration, Neurology Report 10 (1986), 67-72.

84: D.L. Kirsch and F.N. Lerner
Electromedicine: the other side of physiology, in: Innnovations in pain management: a practical guide for clinicians, R.S. Weiner, ed., St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1998, p. 846.

85: D.E. Tomaszek, K. Morehead and R.B. Smith
Treatment of chronic spinal pain patients with cranial electrotherapy stimulation, in process, 2000.

86: A.D. Kulkarni
Orthopedic surgeon treating back, neck and joint pain, Bombay, India.

87: A.S. Lichtbroun, M.C. Raicer and R.B. Smith
The treatment of fibromyalgia with cranial electrotherapy stimulation, presented at the 15th Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics, Columbia University, NYC, Oct 21-24, 1999.

88: S. Tyers, R.B. Smith
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia; an open clinical study, The United Physicians Group of California, in process, 2000.

89: R.C. Cork
Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Medical Center, Shreveport.

90: R.R. England
Treatment of migraine headache utilizing cerebral electrostimulation. Masters Thesis, North Texas State University, Denton, 1976.

91: P. Brotman
Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache, American Journal of Electromedicine 6 (1989), 120-123. Also Ph.D. dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 1986.

92: S. Solomon, A. Elkind, F. Freitag, R.M. Gallager, K. More, B. Swerdow and
S. Malkin
Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy in the treatment of tension headache, Headache

93:. (1989) 445-450. [29]T.J. Romano
The usefulness of cranial electrotherapy in the treatment of headache in fibromyalgia patients, American Journal of Pain Management 3 (1993), 15-19.

94 M.S. Clark, L.M. Silverstone, J. Lindenmuth, M.J. Hicks, R.E. Averbach and D.J. Kleier
An evaluation of the clinical analge-sia/anesthesia efficacy on acute pain using the high frequency neural modulator in various dental settings, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 63 (1987), 501-505.

95: R. Hochman
Neurotransmitter modulator (TENS) for control of dental operative pain, Journal of the American Dental Association 116 (1988), 208-212.

96: C.N. Shealy, R.K. Cady, R.G. Wilkie, R. Cox, S. Liss and W. Clossen Depression: a diagnostic, neurochemical profile and therapy with cranial electrical stimulation (CES), Journal of Neurological and Orthopaedic Medicine and Surgery 10 (1989), 319-321.

97: D.L. Kirsch
Postmarketing survey of Alpha-Stim CES patients, in: The science behind cranial electrotherapy stimulation, D.L. Kirsch, Medical Scope Publishing Corp., Edmon-ton, Alberta, Canada, 1999, pp. 148.

98: T.H. Stanley, J.A. Cazalaa, A. Limoge and Y. Louville
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation increases the potency of nitrous oxide in humans, Anesthesiology 57 (1982), 293-297.

99: T.H. Stanley, J.A. Cazalaa, A. Atinault, R. Coeytaux, A. Limoge and Y. Loluville
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation decreases narcotic requirements during neuroleptic anesthesia and operation in man, Anesthesia and Analgesia 61 (1982), 863-866.

100: R.S. Pozos, L.F. Strack, R.K. White and A.W. Richardson
Electrosleep versus electroconvulsive therapy, in: Neuroelec-tric research, D.V. Reynolds and A. Sjoberg, eds., Charles Thomas: Springfield, 1971, pp. 221-225.
37. H. Selye, The stress concept: past, present and future, in: Stress Research, C.L. Cooper, ed., John Wiley and Sons, NYC, 1983, pp. 4-6.

101: R. Melzack
Phantom limbs, Scientific American 266 (1992), 120-126.

102: W.B. Jarzembski, S.J. Larson and A. Sances, Jr.
Evaluation of specific cerebral impedance and cerebral current density, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 170 (1970), 476-490.

103: F. Mohammed, F.X. Bostick, Jr. and R.E. Barr
Potential and current density distributions of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in a four-concentric-spheres model, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 43 (1996), 939-943.

104: M. Thimineur, P. Sood, E. Kravitz, J. Gudin and M. Kitaj
Central nervous system abnormalities in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): clinical and quantitative evidence of medullary dysfunction, Clinical Journal of Pain 14 (1998), 256-266.

105: M. Heffernan
The effect of variable microcurrents on EEG spectrum and pain control, Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine 4 (1997), 4-11.

106: M. Heffernan
Comparative effects of microcurrent stimulation on EEG spectrum and correlation dimension, Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 31 (1996), 202-209.